UV treated membranes

ABSTRACT

Non-coherent UV-treated porous halopolymer membranes are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/394,865, filed Jul. 11, 2002, which is incorporatedby reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to UV treated membranes, particularly microporousfluoropolymer membranes exposed to UV non-coherent light radiation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain chemically resistant polymer membranes, for example,fluoropolymer membranes, are used for treating challenging fluids suchas corrosive or chemically active liquids. Treatment of such fluidsrequires that the membranes resist chemical degradation.

However, many of these fluids, which are aqueous based, do notadequately wet the membrane surfaces which are generally of low surfaceenergy. This inadequate wetting leads to low fluid permeability and/orhigh pressure drops across the membrane. This phenomenon is commonlyexplained by the occurrence of sites which favor the nucleation andgrowth of gas bubbles. Attempts have been made to improve wetting byproviding a hydrophilic coating. However, many of these attempts are notsatisfactory as, for example, liquid permeabilities of such membranesare still low or only marginally improved.

Further, some of the challenging liquids include high purity water,ozonated water, organic solvents, and corrosive liquids such asconcentrated acids or bases. Some of these liquids may, in addition,contain an oxidizer such as a peroxide, e.g., hydrogen peroxide. Theseliquids tend to outgas during treatment by a membrane.

It is believed that as the liquids outgas, the gas displaces the liquidfrom the membrane pores. This displacement phenomenon is called“dewetting” and results in reduced effective membrane filtration area,and, consequently, reduced overall filtration efficiency. Thus,dewetting can lead to reduced permeate throughput and/or increasedpressure drop.

Proposals have been made to reduce the dewetting problem. For example,membranes have been treated to rewet the dewetted membrane, e.g., by theuse of a surfactant or repeated treatment with a low surface tensionliquid such as isopropanol. Such approaches are not satisfactory as theyinvolve additional costs and process steps to remove the solventcompletely.

Thus, there exists a need for a wettable membrane that resists dewettingwhen exposed to outgassing liquids. There further exists a need formembranes that are capable of resisting degradation by challengingliquids so that the release of extractables from the membranes into theprocessed fluid is minimal or eliminated. There is also a need forchemically resistant membranes having a high liquid permeability.

The present invention provides for ameliorating at least some of thedisadvantages of the prior art. These and other advantages of thepresent invention will be apparent from the description as set forthbelow.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a porous halopolymer membrane, preferably, amicroporous membrane, that resists dewetting.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a porous halopolymermembrane is provided comprising a first surface and a second surface anda thickness defined by the first and second surfaces, the membranehaving a critical wetting surface tension (CWST) of at least 26 dynes/cmthrough the thickness of the membrane, a wetting/dewetting ratio of atleast about 0.7 for two or more cycles, and wherein at least one surfacehas a fluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio of about 1.2 or more.

In another embodiment, a porous halopolymer membrane comprises a firstsurface and a second surface and a thickness defined by the first andsecond surfaces, the membrane having a CWST of at least 26 dynes/cmthrough the thickness of the membrane, a water bubble point of at leastabout 33 psi, and wherein at least one surface has a F/C ratio of about1.2 or more.

Preferably, the membrane is substantially free of extractables,particularly metal residues.

In more preferred embodiments, a filter is provided comprising theporous halopolymer membrane.

A method for producing a porous halopolymer membrane according to anembodiment of the membrane comprises exposing a porous halopolymermembrane to non-coherent UV radiation to produce a porous halopolymermembrane comprising a first surface and a second surface and a thicknessdefined by the first and second surfaces, the membrane having a CWST ofat least 26 dynes/cm through the thickness of the membrane, a waterbubble point of at least about 33 psi, a wetting/dewetting ratio of atleast about 0.7 for 2 or more cycles, and wherein at least one surfacehas a F/C ratio of about 1.2 or more.

In another embodiment, a method for producing a porous halopolymermembrane is provided, comprising contacting a porous halopolymermembrane with a liquid to provide a liquid-treated membrane; andexposing the liquid-treated membrane to non-coherent UV radiation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A porous halopolymer membrane according to an embodiment of theinvention comprises a first surface and a second surface and a thicknessdefined by the first and second surfaces, the membrane having a CWST ofat least 26 dynes/cm through the thickness of the membrane, awetting/dewetting ratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 or more cycles, andwherein at least one surface has a F/C ratio of about 1.2 or more.

In another embodiment of the invention, a porous halopolymer membrane isprovided comprising a first surface and a second surface and a thicknessdefined by the first and second surfaces, wherein at least one of thefirst and second surfaces has a F/C ratio of about 1.2 or more, themembrane having a wetting/dewetting ratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 ormore cycles, and a low level of extractables.

A porous halopolymer membrane according to yet another embodiment of theinvention comprises a first surface and a second surface and a thicknessdefined by the first and second surfaces, wherein at least one surfacehas a F/C ratio of about 1.2 or more, the membrane having a water bubblepoint of at least about 33 psi, and a low level of extractables.

In another embodiment of the invention, a porous halopolymer membranecomprises a first surface and a second surface and a thickness definedby the first and second surfaces, the membrane having a CWST of at least26 dynes/cm through the thickness of the membrane, a water bubble pointof at least about 33 psi, and wherein at least one surface has a F/Cratio of about 1.2 or more.

In yet another embodiment, a microporous halopolymer membrane comprisesa first surface and a second surface and a thickness defined by thefirst and second surfaces, the surfaces each being ungrafted and havingF/C ratio of about 1.2 or more, the membrane having a CWST of at least26 dynes/cm through the thickness of the membrane, a wetting/dewettingratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 or more cycles, and a low level ofextractables.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the porous halopolymermembrane is a microporous membrane.

In some embodiments, the porous membrane has a CWST in the range of from26 to about 30 dynes/cm through the thickness of the membrane. In otherembodiments, the membrane has a CWST of at least about 40 dynes/cm, orat least about 45 dynes/cm, through the thickness of the membrane.

A method for producing a porous halopolymer membrane according to anembodiment of the invention comprises exposing a porous halopolymermembrane to non-coherent UV radiation to produce a porous halopolymermembrane comprising a first surface and a second surface and a thicknessdefined by the first and second surfaces, the membrane having a criticalwetting surface tension (CWST) of at least 26 dynes/cm through thethickness of the membrane, a water bubble point of at least about 33psi, a wetting/dewetting ratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 or morecycles, and wherein at least one surface has a F/C ratio of about 1.2 ormore.

In accordance with another embodiment, a method for producing a porousmembrane comprises contacting a porous halopolymer membrane with aliquid to provide a liquid-treated porous halopolymer membrane; andexposing the liquid-treated membrane to non-coherent UV radiation.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a method for reducing oreliminating dewetting of a porous halopolymer membrane when contactedwith a degassing fluid comprises contacting a porous halopolymermembrane with a liquid to provide a liquid-treated membrane; andexposing the liquid-treated membrane to non-coherent UV radiation.

Preferably, the non-coherent UV radiation has a wavelength in the rangeof from about 140 to about 350 nm. In some embodiments, theliquid-treated membrane is exposed to non-coherent UV radiation two ormore times.

The present invention provides porous halopolymer membranes which resistdewetting, e.g., when contacted with outgassing (or degassing) fluids,particularly, for example, high temperature liquids. The membranes arechemically stable and wettable by many fluids. The water wettablemembranes can be shipped in dry form. The membranes have low levels ofextractables, e.g., they are also substantially free of extractables(for example, metals, particles of organic and/or inorganic residues,and resins, such as particles of polymeric material). The membranes ofthe present invention are free of a wetting agent, and/or a coating. Themembranes are integral membranes, and, unlike composite membranes, thesurfaces and the bulk are composed of substantially the same material,and the surfaces and the bulk have many of the same properties. Themembranes can be used to treat challenging fluids such as corrosive orchemically active liquids, and can be used in applications in which themembranes are exposed to harsh conditions, such as in batteries,filtration apparatuses, and the like.

The present invention further provides a method for preparing a poroushalopolymer membrane which resists dewetting comprising treating ahydrophobic porous halopolymer membrane with ultraviolet (UV) incoherent(sometimes referred to as non-coherent) light radiation to obtain a UVtreated membrane. Incoherent radiation refers to light sources emittinglight wherein all emitted photons have random phases as they propagate,In contrast, coherent radiation refers to light sources emitting lightwherein all emitted photons are in phase with each other as theypropagate. For example, lasers emit coherent radiation.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a porous halopolymermembrane which is hydrophilic and has a higher water permeability than aporous hydrophobic halopolymer membrane of substantially the same poresize and thickness, wherein the hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranescomprise substantially the same halopolymer. The hydrophilic membranepreferably has a water permeability that is at least 2 or more timesgreater than that of the hydrophobic membrane, and more preferably 10times greater than that of the hydrophobic membrane. The hydrophilicsurface helps reduce nucleation and/or growth of microbubbles which areimplicated in dewetting.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a poroushalopolymer membrane comprising a first surface and a second surfacewhich resists dewetting when the membrane is contacted on one of thefirst and second surfaces with a degassing fluid and the other of thefirst and second surfaces is maintained at a pressure lower than that ofthe surface contacting the fluid.

The present invention also provides a method for treating a fluidcomprising passing the fluid through a membrane produced according tothe invention.

The membranes of the present invention can be prepared from suitablehalopolymers, and preferably fluoropolymers. The halopolymers can behomopolymers, copolymers, or combinations thereof. Examples of suitablehalopolymers include amorphous polymers comprising fluorine,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),polychlorotrifluoroethylene-co-ethylene (E/CTFE-polymer),polytetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluropropylene (FEP),polytetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether) (PFA),polytetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene (E/TFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF),polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), copolymers of vinylidene fluoride,perfluoroethylene-propylene copolymers, and polyvinyl chloride.

The membranes of the present invention typically have a nominal poresize of about 0.01 micrometers (μm) or greater, for example, from about0.02 μm to about 10 μm, preferably from about 0.03 μm to about 0.5 μm,and more preferably from about 0.03 μm to about 0.1 μm.

The membranes of the present invention resist dewetting when contactedwith outgassing liquids. Thus, dewetting can be advantageously preventedfor extended periods of time, e.g., typically greater than about 1 hour,preferably greater than about 2 hours, and more preferably from about 5hours to about 10 hours or more. For example, in hot concentratedsulfuric acid containing a peroxide, dewetting resistance can berealized for a period of from about 5 hours to about 42 hours or more.Embodiments of the membranes of the present invention resist dewettingup to 5 cycles (cycles defined below), or more, when contacted with amixture containing hydrogen peroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and water at90° C., each cycle covering a period of 2 hours.

The dewetting resistance can be determined by a suitable method, forexample, as follows. A piece of the membrane, e.g., a 47 mm disc, ispre-wet in isopropanol, followed by soaking in deionized water (DI) sothat the isopropanol in the membrane is exchanged with water. Themembrane is placed in a filtering apparatus, e.g., a glass fritconnected to a Buchner funnel, connected to a source of vacuum. 100 mLof DI water at 70° C. is placed on one side of the membrane and avacuum, of about −9 inches (about −229 mm) of Hg is applied to the otherside of the membrane. Inasmuch as isopropanol may be needed initially inan effort to fill the pores of the membrane with water, the membrane canoperate for extended periods of time without dewetting as well as theneed for rewetting by isopropanol.

The membrane is visually checked for any dewetting during the periodwhen the DI water flows through the membrane. The time it takes for thewater to flow through is recorded. This is considered the firstfiltering (or wetting) cycle. The vacuum is maintained for a period of 2minutes after the upstream side is empty, and the membrane is checkedfor any dewetting. The vacuum is removed and the system is brought toatmospheric pressure. The upstream side is refilled with another 100 mLof DI water at about 70° C. to about 80° C., and the water allowed toflow through under an applied vacuum, and the flow time is recorded,along with checking for any dewetting. This is considered the second (orthe dewetting) cycle. Typically, the wetting/dewetting ratio is at leastabout 0.7 for a wetting/dewetting cycle (i.e., 2 cycles). In morepreferred embodiments, the ratio is at least about 0.8, and in someembodiments, the ratio is at least about 0.9, for a wetting/dewettingcycle. In even more preferred embodiments, the ratio is at least about0.8, and in some embodiments, at least about 0.9, for at least 3 cycles(wetting/dewetting/wetting). Embodiments of the membrane of the presentinvention resist dewetting up to 5 cycles (i.e., wetting, dewetting,wetting, dewetting, wetting) or more.

Certain embodiments of the membrane are wettable by liquids havingsurface tension values up to about 54 dynes/cm (0.54 erg/mm²) or higher,in some embodiments, about 72 dynes/cm (0.72 erg/mm²) or higher. Certainother embodiments of the membrane are wettable by liquids having surfacetension values less than about 45 dynes/cm (0.45 erg/mm²), for example,about 33 dynes/cm (0.33 erg/mm²), or 26 dynes/cm (0.26 erg/mm²).

Embodiments of the porous halopolymer membrane of the present inventionhave a substantially uniform critical wetting surface tension (CWST; asdefined, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,572) through the thicknessof the membrane. For example, in some embodiments, the membrane has aCWST through the bulk (or interior) of the membrane, i.e., from onesurface to the other surface, of about 26 dynes/cm (0.26 erg/mm²) ormore, typically, about 30 dynes/cm (0.30 erg/mm²) or more, and in someembodiments, about 40 dynes/cm (0.40 erg/mm²). Embodiments according tothe invention have CWSTs through the bulk of the membrane of about 44dynes/cm (0.44 erg/mm²) or more, for example, about 58 dynes/cm (0.58erg/mm²) or more, or about 72 dynes/cm (0.72 erg/mm²) or more

In some embodiments, the membrane has a CWST through the bulk of themembrane in the range of from 26 dynes/cm to about 30 dynes/cm (0.26erg/mm² to 0.30 erg/mm²). Such membranes are not only particularlyuseful for some filtration applications involving aggressive chemicalswhere resistance to dewetting is desirable, but are also useful invarious assays wherein a low fluorescent background is advantageous.

The uniformity of the CWST through the thickness of the membrane can bedetermined by a suitable method, for example, as follows. The membraneis contacted with a liquid having a surface tension of at least 26dynes/cm (0.26 erg/mm²). For membranes having a substantially uniformCWST through the thickness, the liquid wets through the membrane (i.e.,from one surface, through the bulk, and through the other surface), andthe membrane (that is initially opaque) becomes transparent. Formembranes lacking a substantially uniform CWST, the liquid may spread atthe surface where the liquid is applied, but does not pass through tothe other surface, and at least a portion of the membrane remainsopaque. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed therefractive index of the liquid is substantially equivalent to therefractive index of the polymer used to provide the membrane.Accordingly, membranes having substantially uniform CWSTs aresubstantially wetted therethrough, and there is little or no air (whichhas a different refractive index than the liquid) in the membrane. Thus,the membranes appear transparent. Membranes lacking a substantiallyuniform CWST have air in some of the pores, and the different refractiveindex of air scatters light, and thus, portions of the membrane appearopaque.

The porous halopolymer membrane of the present invention, in anembodiment, includes a first and/or a second surface having afluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio of at least about 1.2, preferably, at leastabout 1.5, or more. For example, the F/C ratio can be in the range offrom about 1.7 to about 1.9. Preferably, the UV treatment (describedbelow) does not remove a significant amount of fluorine atoms from thesurface(s) of the membrane.

In some embodiments, the membrane has a first and/or second surfacehaving an oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio of about 0.15 or less, preferably,in the range from about 0.01 to about 0.1, even more preferably, fromabout 0.01 to about 0.05.

Some embodiments of membranes according to the invention have a negativezeta potential, e.g., at least about −3 mV. Illustratively, the zetapotential can be in the range of from −3mV to about −11 mV at a pH inthe range of from about 4 to about 9.

In some embodiments, particularly wherein the porous membrane has a poresize of about 0.1 microns or less, the porous halopolymer membrane ofthe present invention comprises a UV non-coherent light treated porousfluoropolymer membrane, the treated membrane having a water bubble pointat least about 30% greater than that of a non UV light treated porousfluoropolymer membrane of substantially the same thickness and averagepore size, wherein the UV treated and non UV treated membranes comprisethe same fluoropolymer. Without being bound to any particular theory, itis believed that the increased water bubble point and improvedwettability of membranes produced in accordance with the inventionreflects, at least in part, that the walls of the pores are being wettedand bubble formation at the wall surface is substantially reduced.Accordingly, the pores retain water, the impregnated pores and wettedpore walls resist the passage of air therethrough, and the water bubblepoint is increased.

Illustratively, in some embodiment of a porous halopolymer membraneaccording to the invention, e.g., wherein the treated membrane anduntreated membrane have a nominal pore size of from about 0.02 micronsto about 0.1 microns, the untreated membrane has a water bubble point inthe range of from about 20 to about 25 psi (about 137.8 kPa to about172.3 kPa), and the UV non-coherent light treated membrane has a waterbubble point of about 33 psi (about 227.5 kPa) or more, or about 120 psi(about 827 kPa) or less, e.g., from about 35 psi (about 241.2 kPa) toabout 50 psi (about 344.5 kPa), and preferably from about 37 psi (about255.1 kPa) to about 43 psi (about 296.5 kPa).

The porous halopolymer membrane of the present invention includemacropores (pore diameter or width greater than 50 nm) and are free orsubstantially free of very small pores (sometimes referred to as“voids”) such as micropores (pore diameter or width of 0.5 na to 2.0 nm)or mesopores (pore diameter or width of 2 nm to about 50 nm). Inembodiments, the membrane is free or substantially free of bothmicropores and mesopores. It is believed that the paucity or absence ofmicropores and/or mesopores helps prevent nucleation and/or growth ofbubbles, and contribute to the dewetting resistance.

The size of the pores can be estimated by any suitable method, forexample, by scanning or transmission electron microscopy, atomic forcemicroscopy, bubble point measurement, mercury intrusion porometry,and/or permeation measurement. The micropores can be characterized bythe Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) analysis method. In embodiments,the BET surface area of the micropores is from about 0.01 to about 0.9m²/g, preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.7 m²/g, and more preferablyfrom about 0.1 to about 0.5 m²/g. The BET volume of the micropores isfrom about 1×10⁻⁵ to about 1×10⁻⁴ mL/g, and preferably from about 1×10⁻⁵to about 5×10⁻⁵ mL/g. In a particular embodiment, for example, themembrane has a BET micropore area of 0.48 m²/g, a micropore volume of5.04×10⁻⁵ mL/g, a multi-point area of 9.99±0.50 m²/g, a total porevolume of 0.16 mL/g, and an average pore diameter of 651.6 Å.

The membranes in accordance with embodiments of the present inventionare substantially free of particulates or loose fibrils. Moreover, themembranes of the present invention can be prepared substantially free ofcontaminants, particularly extractables, e.g., metal residues. Forexample, the membrane or filter can comprise less than about 500 partsper million (ppm) extractable matter, such as less than about 100 ppm oreven 50 ppm extractable matter (e.g., less than about 15 ppm extractablematter), such as less than about 1 ppm extractable matter. Morepreferably, the membrane or filter comprises less than about 30 partsper billion (ppb) metal extractable matter such as less than about 15ppb metal extractable matter (e.g., less about 5 ppb metal extractablematter).

Additionally, since preferred membranes and filters according to thepresent invention can be practically chemically inert, the structuralintegrity of the membrane and filter is maintained even upon prolongedcontact with very strong industrial solvents and wherein substantiallyno material leaches from the membrane and filter into a fluid in contactwith the membrane and filter. Such extractables-free, and preferably,chemically inert, membranes and filters are attractive for use inapplications where high purity liquids, particularly, high puritychallenging liquids (such as corrosive and/or chemically active liquids)are desired.

Membranes prepared according to the invention have low levels ofextractables. Typically, embodiments of membranes prepared according tothe invention have levels of extractables comparable to that of native,unmodified, PTFE membranes. Preferably, commercially availableunmodified PTFE membranes and Uw treated membranes according to theinvention, when treated in the same manner, e.g., by extracting once ortwice with suitable extractants such as acid washes (for example, adilute acid solution such as 5% hydrochloric acid), have substantiallythe same level of extractables.

As the membranes of the present invention are free of coatings (e.g.,the surfaces are ungrafted and/or free of, for example, a sulfonatedpolymer coating), and metal residues, as well as being substantiallyfree of particulates and loose fibrils, the membrane does not leachmaterials into the process fluid (e.g., the filtrate and/or theretentate). Thus, for example, the membrane does not add contaminantssuch as organic carbon and sulfur into the treated fluid. The totalorganic carbon (TOC) content and/or the total inorganic content of theextracts is low.

UV non-coherent light radiation treated membranes according to preferredembodiments of the invention essentially maintain their tensilestrengths during UV treatment. For example, in an embodiment, themembrane comprises a UV light treated porous fluoropolymer membrane, theUV-treated membrane having a tensile strength in the range of from about80% to about 100% of a non UV-treated porous fluoropolymer membrane ofsubstantially the same thickness, wherein the UV treated and non UVtreated membranes comprise the same fluoropolymer.

Additionally, the UV treatment does not significantly affect theretention characteristics of the membranes.

As used herein, “UV non-coherent light radiation” includes vacuum UVtreatment, high power UV treatment, broadband UV treatment, and blackbody UV treatment. The UV radiation source can provide, for example, acontinuous spectrum of wavelengths, a series of peaks, or a singleemission line. Typically, UV treatment via a low pressure mercury lampis less desirable according to the invention.

The present invention provides a method of producing a porous membranecomprising a porous halopolymer membrane comprising a first surface anda second surface and a thickness defined by the first and secondsurfaces, the membrane having a CWST of at least 26 dynes/cm (0.26erg/mm²) through the thickness of the membrane, a wetting/dewettingratio of at least about 0.7 for two or more cycles, and wherein at leastone surface has a F/C ratio of about 1.2 or more. In an embodiment, themethod comprises exposing a microporous halopolymer membrane to UVnon-coherent light radiation for a desired period of time. Typically,the method includes contacting the porous (preferably microporous)membrane with at least one fluid to impregnate the pores of the membranewith the fluid, and exposing the fluid-impregnated porous membrane tothe UV non-coherent light radiation. The method can include repeatedlyexposing the membrane to UV non-coherent radiation, and typicallyincludes re-impregnating the membrane with a fluid between exposures toUV radiation.

The UV non-coherent radiation source is preferably capable of generatingradiation having a broadband. For example, the broadband may comprise adistribution of wavelengths within a UV subband from about 100 nm toabout 400 nm, e.g., a subband from about 150 nm to about 350 nm.Alternatively, the radiation source may be capable of generatingnarrower band radiation, e.g., radiation within a narrower subrange,such as, for example, about 100 nm to about 200 nm (Vacuum Ultraviolet),about 200 nm to about 280 nm (UVC), about 280 nm to about 315 nm (UVB),and/or about 315 nm to about 400 nm (UVA). The radiation source may alsobe capable of generating more discrete wavelengths of radiation.

Typically, the intensity (or the power density) of the VacuumUltraviolet (VUV) radiation source is in the range of from about 5mW/cm² to about 100 mW/cm², preferably in the range of from about 5mW/cm² to about 20 mW/cm², for a total treatment time period in therange of from about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, preferably, from about5 minutes to about 20 minutes, even more preferably, from about 1 toabout 5 minutes.

Typically, the intensity (or the power density) of the broadbandradiation source. preferably, a medium pressure mercury lamp, is in therange of from about 10 mW/cm² to about 1000 mW/cm², preferably in therange of from about 10 mW/cm² to about 200 mW/cm², for a total treatmenttime period in the range of from about 5 seconds to about 300 seconds,more preferably, about 5 to about 120 seconds.

Typically, the intensity (or the power density) of the pulsed blackbodyradiation source is in the range of from about 53,000 W/cm² to about85,000 W/cm², for a total treatment time period in the range of fromabout 1 second to about 300 seconds, preferably in the range from about1 second to about 120 seconds, even more preferably, in the range offrom about 1 second to about 60 seconds.

The UV non-coherent radiation source may be capable of emitting acontinuous stream of radiation. A variety of suitable UV non-coherentsources are commercially available, e.g., using electrode-containingbulbs, or electrodeless bulbs. Suitable sources include, for example,Fusion UV Systems, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.) (e.g., excimer and mercurylamps), Pulsar Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Roseville, Calif.), UVProcess

Supply, Inc. (Chicago, Ill.), USHIO America, Inc. (Cypress, Calif.),M.D. Excimer, Inc. (Yokohama Kanagawa, Japan), Resonance Ltd. (Ontario,Canada) and Harada Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).

However, in a preferred embodiment, the radiation source is capable ofdelivering pulses of radiation in short bursts. A pulsed radiationsource is energy efficient and is capable of delivering high intensityradiation. Most preferably, the radiation source is capable ofdelivering pulsed, broadband, blackbody radiation, as described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,755, herein incorporated by reference.Such pulsed, broadband, blackbody radiation assemblies are availablefrom, for example, Pulsar Remediation Technologies, Inc.

The UV treatment described above does not remove a significant amount offluorine atoms from the surface of the membrane. The produced membranesare stable and the treatment is permanent, e.g., the effects of the UVincoherent treatment do not wash away under acidic conditions. Forexample, the UV treated PTFE membrane is stable to a 5-hour soak in coldsulfuric acid (96%), and the membranes preserve their physico-chemicalproperties after a 3-day heat treatment at 170° C. in air. The UVtreated PTFE membrane is also stable when exposed to a recirculating hotsulfuric acid (96%) peroxide (3% or less) mixture for three hours.

Either, or both, surfaces of the membrane can be exposed to UV radiationin accordance with the invention.

Typically, the membrane to be exposed to UV radiation is placed incontact with at least one fluid, preferably a liquid (e.g., toimpregnate the pores of the membrane with the liquid) before exposingthe membrane to the UV radiation. If desired, the membrane can remainfully or partially immersed in the fluid during exposure to theradiation. Alternatively, for example, the membrane can be removed fromthe fluid before exposure to the radiation.

A variety of fluids are suitable for contacting the membrane beforeexposure to UV radiation. Suitable fluids include water (such asdeionized water, and heavy water), alcohols, aromatic compounds,silicone oil, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, fluorocarbons(e.g., freon), phenols, organic acids, ethers, hydrogen peroxide, sodiumsulfite, ammonium sulfate (e.g., t-butyl ammonium sulfate), ammoniumsulfite, sodium aluminate, copper sulfate, boric acid, hydrochloricacid, and nitric acid. Typically, the liquid impregnating the pores ofthe membrane while the membrane is exposed to UV radiation absorbs inthe range of generated wavelength of the UV radiation source.

In some embodiments, the membrane is contacted with a plurality offluids before UV treatment. For example, the membrane can be immersed ina first fluid, e.g., an organic solvent (such as methanol, ethanol,acetone, ether, or isopropyl alcohol), preferably, wherein the firstfluid has a high compatibility with water and a surface tension of about30 dynes/cm or less, and the membrane can be immersed in a second fluid(e.g., water) to replace the solvent with water. Subsequently, themembrane can be immersed in a third fluid, e.g., comprising an aqueoussolution or a non-aqueous solution, to replace the water with theaqueous compounds solution. The membrane impregnated with the thirdfluid is exposed to UV radiation.

The membranes of the present invention can be in any suitableconfiguration, e.g., to provide a filter. Thus, for example, themembrane can be a flat sheet, or in a corrugated, cylindrical, ortubular, form.

The present invention further provides devices, such as filter devices,comprising one or more membranes described above. Typical filter devicescomprise a housing, an inlet and at least one outlet defining a fluidflow path, and a membrane of the present invention disposed across ortangential to the fluid flow path. In some embodiments, the filterdevices comprise a housing, an inlet, a first outlet, and a secondoutlet; the inlet and first outlet defining a first fluid flow pathbetween the inlet and the first outlet, and, the inlet and second outletdefining a second fluid flow path between the inlet and the secondoutlet, and a membrane of the present invention disposed across thefirst fluid flow path and tangential to the second fluid flow path.

In some embodiments, the filter device includes additional components.For example, in one embodiment, the filter device includes a filter,e.g., comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of, anembodiment of a membrane according to the invention, and at least oneadditional component, such as, for example, support and/or drainagelayers and/or cushioning layers. The membrane can comprise a composite,e.g., including at least one additional component. Suitable support,drainage and/or cushioning layers include, but are not limited to, atleast one of a mesh, and porous woven or non-woven sheets. The presentinvention further provides a method for treating a process fluid, e.g.,an outgassing liquid, comprising contacting a membrane or filterdescribed above with the fluid and separating matter (e.g., particulatematter) from the process fluid. The method can also include recoveringthe treated fluid, e.g., a particulate-depleted fluid or aparticulate-enriched fluid.

The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course,should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope. The membranesused in the examples are expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)membranes having a nominal pore size of 0.05 microns. Example 8 alsouses an expanded PTFE membrane having a nominal pore size of 0.1microns, as noted.

EXAMPLE 1

This example demonstrates the preparation of a membrane by pulsedblackbody UV radiation according to an embodiment of the invention.

A sheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation,East Hills, N.Y.), having a CWST of 25 dynes/cm (0.25 erg/mm²), isimmersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and subsequently immersed indeionized (DI) water to replace the IPA with DI water. Subsequently, themembrane is immersed in 0.1 M sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) to replace the DIwater and impregnate the pores with sodium sulfate. The impregnatedmembrane is positioned in air 1 inch (2.54 cm) from a blackbody UV bulb(Model Rip Tide 8; Pulsar Remediation Technologies, Inc., Roseville,Calif.). The membrane is exposed for 20 seconds to the pulsed broadbandblackbody radiation (power density 1.3 kW) and removed from radiationexposure. The membrane is re-impregnated with sodium sulfite andre-exposed to blackbody UV radiation for 20 seconds. The procedure ofre-impregnation and re-exposure for 20 seconds is repeated 3 more timesso that the membrane is exposed to a total of 100 seconds of UVradiation.

The CWST of the treated membrane is 43 dynes/cm (0.43 erg/mm²). Thefluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio, and the oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio, of thesurfaces as determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)analysis, are 1.6 and 0.05, respectively.

EXAMPLE 2

This example demonstrates the preparation of another embodiment of amembrane by pulsed blackbody UV radiation according to the invention.

A sheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation),having a CWST of 25 dynes/cm (0.25 erg/mm²), is immersed in IPA, andsubsequently immersed in DI water to replace the IPA with DI water.Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 M sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃)to replace the DI water and impregnate the pores with sodium sulfate.The impregnated membrane is positioned in air 1 inch (2.54 cm) from ablackbody UV bulb (Model Rip Tide 8; Pulsar Remediation Technologies,Inc.). The membrane is exposed for 20 seconds to the pulsed broadbandblackbody radiation (power density 1.3 kW) and removed from radiationexposure. The membrane is re-impregnated with sodium sulfite andre-exposed to blackbody UV radiation for 20 seconds. The procedure ofre-impregnation and re-exposure for 20 seconds is repeated 2 more timesso that the membrane is exposed to a total of 80 seconds of UVradiation.

The CWST of the treated membrane is 40 dynes/cm (0.40 erg/mm²). The F/Cratio, and the O/C ratio, of the surfaces as determined by XPS analysis,are 1.8 and 0.015, respectively.

EXAMPLE 3

This example demonstrates the chemical resistance of a membraneaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

A 90 mm sheet of membrane prepared according to Example 1 is exposed tohot sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as follows.

The sheet is prewet by pumping 3 liters of 100% IPA through and thenallowing the sheet to soak in the IPA for 30 minutes. The sheet isflushed with DI water for at least 1 hour. The sheet is exchanged with30%, 60% and 90% cold sulfuric acid. A sulfuric acid (96%) and hydrogenperoxide (10%) (80:20) mixture is heated to 140° C., and the heatedmixture is recirculated through the sheet (in a 90 mm TEFLON™ test jig)for 3 hours with an inlet pressure of 30 psi (about 206.7 kPa). Acidflows are measured at the beginning and end of testing. The sheet isallowed to cool, and exchanged with 60% and 30% sulfuric acid, and thenDI water.

The results are as follows. The CWST before exposure is 43 dynes/cm(0.43 erg/mm²), and after exposure is 45 dynes/cm (0.45 erg/mm²). Theacid flow at the beginning and end of the test are 162 ml/min, and 138mi/min, respectively.

The experiment shows blackbody UV irradiation of a sodiumsulfite-impregnated PTFE membrane produces a membrane that can withstanda challenge with a hot sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixture bymaintaining the CWST and sulfuric acid flow.

EXAMPLE 4

This example demonstrates the preparation of a membrane by vacuum UVradiation according to another embodiment of the invention.

A sheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation),having a CWST of 25 dynes/cm (0.25 erg/mm²), is immersed in IPA, andsubsequently immersed in DI water to replace the IPA with DI water.Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 M sodium sulfite toreplace the DI water and impregnate the pores with sodium sulfite. Theimpregnated membrane is positioned in nitrogen 3 mm from a high powerVacuum UV bulb (EOS-X Model 172; Harada Corp., Tokyo, Japan) emitting ata wavelength of 172 nm.

The membrane is exposed for 30 minutes to the VUV radiation (powerdensity 6 mW/cm²) and removed from radiation exposure. The membrane isre-impregnated with sodium sulfite and re-exposed to the VUV radiationfor 30 minutes.

The CWST of the membrane is 37 dynes/cm (0.37 erg/mm²). The F/C and O/Cratios of the surfaces, as determined by XPS analysis, are 1.73 and0.03, respectively.

EXAMPLE 5

This example demonstrates the preparation of a membrane by broadband UVradiation according to another embodiment of the invention.

A sheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation),having a CWST of 25 dynes/cm, is immersed in IPA, and subsequentlyimmersed in DI water to. replace the IPA with DI water. Subsequently,the membrane is immersed in 0.1 M sodium sulfite to replace the DI waterand impregnate the pores with sodium sulfite. The impregnated membraneis immersed in the sodium sulfite solution, and the top surface of themembrane remains ⅛ inch (about 3.2 mm) below the top surface of thesolution. The surface of the solution is 2 inches (about 5.1 cm) from abroadband UV bulb (high power medium pressure mercury lamp) (Model no.VPS 1600; Fusion UV Systems, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) emitting atwavelengths from 200 to 600 nm. The membrane is irradiated for 2 minutesat a power density of 4.8 kW.

The CWST of the membrane is 42 dynes/cm (0.42 erg/mm²). The F/C and 0/Cratios of the surfaces, as determined by XPS analysis, are 1.75 and0.05, respectively.

EXAMPLE 6

This example demonstrates the preparation of a membrane by broadband UVradiation according to another embodiment of the invention.

A sheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (W. L. Gore andAssociates, Inc., Newark, Del.), having a CWST of 23.5 dynes/cm (0.235erg/mm²), is immersed in IPA, and subsequently immersed in DI water toreplace the IPA with DI water. Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in0.1 M sodium sulfite to replace the DI water and impregnate the poreswith sodium sulfite. The impregnated membrane is immersed in the sodiumsulfite solution, and the top surface of the membrane remains below thetop surface of the solution. The surface of the solution is 2 inches(about 5.1 cm) from a broadband UV bulb (high power medium pressuremercury lamp) Model no. VPS 1600; Fusion UV systems) emitting atwavelengths from 200 to 600 nm. The membrane is irradiated for 2 minutesat a power density of 4.8 kW.

The UV-exposed membrane is removed from radiation exposure and immersedin DI water for 1 minute. The membrane is again immersed in sodiumsulfite solution while the top surface of the membrane remains below thetop surface of the solution. The membrane is again irradiated for 2minutes at a power density of 4.8 kW. The membrane is immersed in DIwater, immersed in sodium sulfite solution, and irradiated six moretimes for a total UV exposure of 16 minutes.

The CWST of the membrane is 72 dynes/cm (0.72 erg/mm²).

EXAMPLE 7

This example demonstrates the water bubble points of UV-treatedmembranes according to embodiments of the invention compared tonon-UV-treated membranes having substantially the same thickness andpore rating. All of the membranes obtained from Pall Corporation havethicknesses of 75 microns and all of the membranes obtained from W. L.Gore and Associates have thicknesses of 25 microns. Each of themembranes has a nominal pore rating of 0.05 microns.

The water bubble point is determined after mounting a membrane disc in a47mm jig, prewetting the membrane with IPA, and exchanging the IPA withDI water for 10 minutes. The water wetted membrane is subjected to airpressure from the upstream surface, the pressure is monitored, and thewater bubble point is reached when air bubbles are first observed on thedownstream surface.

The non-UV-treated membranes are commercially available PTFE membranes(Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y., and W. L. Gore and Associates,Inc., Newark, Del.). The water bubble points for the Pall Corporationmembranes are 15-20 psi, and the water bubble points for the W. L. Goreand Associates membranes are 20-25 psi.

Four UV-treated PTFE membranes are obtained. The first UV-treatedmembrane is prepared as in Example 5, and has a water bubble point of 80psi. The second UV-treated membrane is prepared as in Example 2, and hasa water bubble point of 75 psi.

The third UV-treated membrane is prepared as follows. A sheet of acommercially available PTFE membrane (W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc.)is immersed in IPA, and subsequently immersed in DI water to replace theEPA with DI water. Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 Msodium sulfite to replace the DI water and impregnate the pores withsodium sulfite. The impregnated membrane is positioned in nitrogen 3 mmfrom a high power Vacuum UV bulb (MECL 02V; M.D. Excimer, Inc.,Yokohama, Japan) emitting at a wavelength of 172 nm. The membrane isexposed for 4 minutes to the VUV radiation (power density 12 mW/cm²).The membrane has a water bubble point of 45 psi.

The fourth UV-treated membrane is prepared as follows. A sheet of acommercially available PTFE membrane (W. L. Gore and Associates) isimmersed in IPA, and subsequently immersed in DI water to replace theIPA with DI water. Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in tert-butylalcohol aq. (35%) to replace the DI water and impregnate the pores withalcohol. The impregnated membrane is positioned in nitrogen 3 mm from ahigh power Vacuum UV bulb (MECL 02V; M.D. Excimer, Inc.) emitting at awavelength of 172 nm. The membrane is exposed for 10 minutes to the VUVradiation (power 12 mW/cm²). The membrane has a water bubble point of 60psi.

This example demonstrates UV-treated membranes according to embodimentsof the invention have an increased water bubble point when compared tonon-UV-treated membranes have substantially the same thickness and porerating.

EXAMPLE 8

This example demonstrates the differences in critical wetting surfacetensions (CWSTs) through the thickness of UV-treated membranes preparedin accordance with embodiments of the invention compared tonon-UV-treated membranes.

Five sets of membranes are tested, and the results are shown in thefollowing Table. The wetting solution is prepared from water/ethanolmixtures. Each membrane has a thickness of 75 microns.

The first and second set of membranes (identified as “a” and “b” in thefollowing Table) are commercially available membranes (PallCorporation), and are not UV-treated.

The third set of membranes (“c”) are prepared as follows. A commerciallyavailable roll membrane (Pall Corporation) is immersed in IPA, andsubsequently immersed in DI water to replace the IPA with DI water.Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 M sodium sulfite toreplace the DI water and impregnate the pores with sodium sulfite. Theimpregnated membrane is immersed in the sodium sulfite solution, and thetop surface of the membrane remains below the top surface of thesolution. The surface of the solution is 3 inches (about 7.6 cm) from abroadband UV bulb (high power medium pressure mercury lamp) (Model no.VPS 1600; Fusion UV systems) emitting at wavelengths from 200 to 600 nm.The membrane is irradiated (1 ft/min) at a power density of 4.8 kW.

The fourth set of UV-treated membranes (“d”) are prepared as follows. Asheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation) isimmersed in IPA, and subsequently immersed in DI water to replace theIPA with DI water. Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 Msodium sulfite to replace the DI water and impregnate the pores withsodium sulfite. The impregnated membrane is positioned in nitrogen 3 mmfrom a high power Vacuum UV bulb (MECL 02V; MD-Excimer, Inc.; powerdensity 12 mW/cm²) emitting at a wavelength of 172 nm. The membrane isexposed for 4 minutes to the VUV radiation.

The fifth set of UV-treated membranes (“e”) are prepared as follows. Asheet of a commercially available PTFE membrane (Pall Corporation) isimmersed in IPA, and subsequently immersed in DI water to replace theIPA with DI water. Subsequently, the membrane is immersed in 0.1 Msodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) to replace the DI water and impregnate the poreswith sodium sulfate. The impregnated membrane is positioned in air 1inch (2.54 cm) from a blackbody UV bulb (Model Rip Tide 8; PulsarRemediation Technologies, Inc.). The membrane is exposed for 15 secondsto the pulsed broadband blackbody radiation (power density 1.3 kW).

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) nominal nominal nominal nominal nominal CWST porepore pore pore pore (dynes/cm) size 0.05 size 0.1 size 0.05 size 0.05size 0.05 of fluid micron micron micron micron micron 23.5 Yes Yes YesYes Yes 25.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 26.5 No No Yes Yes Yes

Each set of membranes is placed on a glass plate, and fluids havingsurface tensions of 23.5 dynes/cm (0.235 erg/mm²), 25.0 dynes/cm (0.25erg/mm²), and 26.5 dynes/cm (0.265 erg/mm²) are placed on the non-glasscontacting surface of each membrane.

The membranes produced in accordance with embodiments of the inventionbecome transparent, with each of the fluids passing through all portionsof the glass-contacting surface to the glass plate. The non-UV treatedmembranes remain white/opaque, and the fluid having a surface tension of26.5 dynes/cm (0.265 erg/mm²) does not uniformly pass through to theglass plate. The fluids having surface tensions of 23.5 and 25.0dynes/cm (0.235 and 0.25 erg/mm²) pass uniformly through the non-TVtreated membranes.

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a substantially identical CWST of over 26 dynes/cm (0.26erg/mm²) through the thickness of the membranes.

EXAMPLE9

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a substantially identical CWST through the thickness ofthe membranes.

In this example, various 0.05 micron nominal pore size PTFE membranesare mounted on a holder, placed in an observation cell, and observedusing a microscope-charge coupled device (CCD) camera assembly. Themembrane is pressurized with water, and the water surrounding themembrane is replaced with a gas (nitrogen)-enriched water solution. Thepressure is reduced to atmospheric pressure to expose the membrane to asupersaturated water-gas solution, and the appearance of the membrane(i.e., with respect to a change in transparency), and the bubbleformation on the membrane, are observed.

The following membranes are tested: commercially available PTFEmembranes from two different sources (W.L. Gore and Associates, and PallCorporation), and membranes prepared as described in Examples 4 and 5.

The pressure in the observation cell is raised to 1000 psi so that themembrane pores are filled with water. The nitrogen-enriched watersolution replaces the water, and the pressure is reduced to atmosphericpressure in about 60 seconds. Each membrane is observed for at least 10minutes after the first appearance of bubbles on the surface.

The UV-treated membranes prepared according to Examples 4 and 5 aretransparent, and the non-UV-treated membranes, i.e., the commerciallyavailable membranes, have portions that are opaque (e.g., white). Thetransparency of the UV-treated membranes demonstrates the substantiallyuniform CWST through the thickness of the membranes, whereas the opacityof the non-UV-treated membranes demonstrates a varied CWST through thethickness of the membranes.

The water intrusion pressure measured for the commercially availablemembranes is higher than that measured for the UV-treated membranes. Itis believed this demonstrates that the walls of the pores of thecommercially available membranes are not wetted, or less wetted, thanthe pores of the UV-treated membranes, and thus provide increasedresistance to the passage of water therethrough.

EXAMPLE 10

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a low level of extractables.

0.05 micron nominal pore size UV treated PTFE membranes and untreatedPTFE (control) membranes are obtained. The control membranes arecommercially available (Pall Corporation), and the UV treated membranesare prepared as in Example 7, third set of membranes (“c”). The UVtreated membrane is prewetted with 25 % DI water/75 % IPA, exchangedwith DI water and treated with 0.1 M Na₂SO₃. The UV-treated membranesare framed and air dried, then washed in cold DI water for 12 hours.

The volume of extraction is 500 ml. The membranes are soaked in 5% HClfor 4 hours at ambient temperature on an orbital shaker. The membranesare removed from the HCl solution, and the extractables are measured.The membranes are rinsed for 10 minutes in running DI water, then soakedin 500 ml of fresh 5% HCl for another 4 hours on an orbital shaker. Theextractables are measured.

The extractable levels are determined using an HP 4500 InductivelyCoupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometer Model No. IL-ICP-MS-1. ICP-MS standardprocedure (GLSM-67) is used to analyze the extracts.

UV treated UV treated Control Control 1st extr. step 2nd extr. step 1stextr. step 2nd extr. step Element (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) Li <DL <DL <DL<DL Na 3.9 0.6 3.7 0.6 Mg 3.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 Al 977.5 8.4 2.1 0.9 K 2.2 0.51.4 0.9 Ca 51.1 1.4 26.4 4.6 Cr 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 Mn 1.7 <DL <DL <DL Fe17.9 1.3 0.5 <DL Co 0.2 <DL <DL <DL Ni 2.4 <DL 0.3 <DL Cu 4.4 <DL <DL<DL Ag <DL <DL <DL <DL Sn <DL <DL <DL <DL Pb 0.1 <DL <DL <DL B 0.2 0.20.3 0.4 Ti 0.3 <DL <DL 0.3 Zn 94.7 0.6 0.4 5.0 Ba 0.2 <DL 0.1 0.1 Total13.4 13.2

The extractable levels are determined using an HP 4500 InductivelyCoupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometer Model No. IL-ICP-MS-1. ICP-MS standardprocedure (GLSM-67) is used to analyze the extracts.

After the second HCl extraction, both the control and UV-treated PTFEmembranes display similar levels of released metal elements.

EXAMPLE 11

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention resist dewetting.

47 mm membrane disc (prepared in accordance with Example 9) is pre-wetin IPA, followed by soaking in DI water so that the IPA in the membraneis exchanged with water. The membrane is placed in a glass fritconnected to a Buchner funnel, connected to a source of vacuum. 100 mLof DI water at 70° C. is placed on one side of the membrane and a vacuumof about −9 inches (−228.6 mm) of Hg is applied to the other side of themembrane. The membrane is visually checked for any dewetting during theperiod when the DI water flows through the membrane. The time it takesfor the water to flow through is recorded. This is considered the firstfiltering (or wetting) cycle. The vacuum is maintained for a period of 2minutes after the upstream side is empty, and the membrane is checkedfor any dewetting. The vacuum is removed and the system is brought toatmospheric pressure. The upstream side is refilled with another 100 mLof DI water at about 70° C. to about 80° C., and the water allowed toflow through under an applied vacuum, and the flow time is recorded,along with checking for any dewetting. This is considered the second (orthe dewetting) cycle. The membrane is tested for 5 cycles (i.e.,wetting, dewetting, wetting, dewetting, wetting).

The results are as follows:

Flow Rate mL/cm²/sec cycle #1 cycle #2 cycle #3 cycle #4 cycle #5 F_(i)(initial flow) 0.105 0.101 0.095 0.097 0.094 F_(f) (final flow) 0.1030.097 0.094 0.097 0.092 Flow Ratio F_(f)/F_(i) 0.98 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.98

The foregoing shows that membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a wetting/dewetting ratio of at least 0.96 for 5 cycles.

EXAMPLE 12

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a low total organic carbon (TOC) content and, whencompared to untreated membranes, rinse comparably to untreatedmembranes.

47 mm membrane discs (UV treated membranes, prepared as generallydescribed in Example 5 except the power density is 6 kW) and untreatedcontrol membranes (Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y.) are prewet in 60%IPA/40% DI water, followed by rising in three containers of DI water,and tested for effluent resistivity rinse up. An effluent resistivityvalue of 17.8 megaohms×cm is selected as the “rinsed up” value.

The results are as follows.

Resistivity Flow rate Sample Time (min) (megaohm × cm) TOC (ppb)(ml/min) Control 79 17.8 4.89 221-225 Control 71 17.8 6.25 215-240 UVtreated 49 17.8 2.57 218-227 UV treated 60 18.3 2.10 240-282

This example demonstrates membranes according to embodiments of theinvention have a low total organic carbon (TOC) content and, whencompared to untreated membranes, rinse at least as fast, if not faster,as untreated membranes.

EXAMPLE 13

This example demonstrates the chemical resistance of a membraneaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

A 90 mm flat sheet of membrane prepared according to Example 6 isexposed to hot sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as follows.

The sheet is prewet by pumping 3 liters of 100% IPA through and thenallowing the sheet to soak in the IPA for 30 minutes. The sheet isflushed with DI water for at least 1 hour. The sheet is exchanged with30%, 60% and 90% cold sulfuric acid. A sulfuric acid (96%) and hydrogenperoxide (3%) (80:20) mixture is heated to 140° C., and the heatedmixture is recirculated through the sheet (in a 90 mm TEFLON™ test jig)for 3 hours with an inlet pressure of 30 psi (about 206.7 kPa). Acidflows are measured at the beginning and end of testing. The sheet isallowed to cool, and exchanged with 60% and 30% sulfuric acid, and thenDI water.

The results are as follows. The CWST before exposure is 72 dynes/cm(0.72 erg/mm²), and after exposure is 72 dynes/cm (0.72 erg/mm²). Theacid flows at the beginning and end of the acid exposure are 432 ml/min,and 420 ml/min, respectively. The water flow prior to the acid exposureis 1,500 ml/min and the water flow after the exposure is 1,480 ml/min.

The experiment shows blackbody UV irradiation of a sodiumsulfite-impregnated PTFE membrane produces a membrane that can withstanda challenge

with a hot sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixture by maintainingthe CWST, the sulfuric acid flow, and the water flow.

EXAMPLE 14

A membrane is prepared as generally described in Example 6, except thata roll of membrane is treated, rather than a sheet. The take-up roll andmandrel are rotated at 1600 rpm, and the membrane, submerged in 0.1 Msodium sulfite, is exposed to broadband UV. The membrane is exposed toUV light for a total of about 15 to 20 minutes. The membrane has a CWSTof 72 dynes/cm (0.72 erg/mm²).

A 47 mm flat sheet of dry UV treated membrane is obtained from the roll,and placed on a vacuum draw down flask. Fifty mL of 98% sulfuric acid ispoured into the flask, and the acid solution is pulled through themembrane under a negative pressure of 15 inches mercury.

After 20 seconds, drops of sulfuric acid are collected downstream. Theflow rate, 20 drops/sec, does not vary over time.

This example shows that a membrane according to an embodiment of theinvention can be wetted out with ambient sulfuric acid by applying aslight pressure drop.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were: individually and specificallyindicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in itsentirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended toserve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separatevalue falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, andeach separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, isintended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. Nolanguage in the specification should be construed as indicating anynon-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Ofcourse, variations of those preferred embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention tobe practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalentsof the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permittedby applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-describedelements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by theinvention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context.

1. A microporous PTFE membrane comprising: a first surface and a second surface and a thickness and bulk defined by the first and second surfaces, the microporous PTFE membrane modified by subjecting the microporous PTFE membrane to non-coherent broadband UV irradiation while pores of the membrane are impregnated with a liquid, the membrane having a critical wetting surface tension (CWST) of at least about 40 dynes/cm (0.40 erg/mm²) through the thickness and bulk of the microporous PTFE membrane, a wetting/dewetting ratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 or more cycles, and wherein the first and second surfaces each have a fluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio of about 1.5 or more and an oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.15.
 2. The microporous PTFE membrane according to claim 1 having a low level of extractables.
 3. A microporous PTFE membrane comprising: a first surface and a second surface and a thickness defined by the first and second surfaces, the microporous PTFE membrane modified by subjecting the microporous PTFE membrane to non-coherent broadband UV irradiation while pores of the membrane are impregnated with a liquid, the membrane having a CWST of at least 26 dynes/cm (0.26 erg/mm²) through the thickness and bulk of the microporous PTFE membrane, and a wetting/dewetting ratio of at least about 0.7 for 2 or more cycles, wherein the microporous PTFE membrane is free of a coating and wherein the first and second surfaces each have a fluorine/carbon (F/C) ratio of about 1.5 or more and an oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.15.
 4. The microporous PTFE membrane of claim 1, having a water bubble point of at least about 33 psi.
 5. The microporous PTFE membrane of claim 3, having a CWST of at least about 40 dynes/cm (0.40 erg/mm²).
 6. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, having a nominal pore size in the range of from about 0.02 to about 0.1 microns.
 7. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, having a CWST of at least about 45 dynes/cm (0.45 erg/mm²) through the thickness of the membrane.
 8. The PTFE membrane of claim 7, having a CWST of at least about 58 dynes/cm (0.58 erg/mm²).
 9. The PTFE membrane of claim 2, having a water bubble point of at least about 45 psi (about 310 kPa).
 10. The PTFE membrane of claim 3, having a water bubble point of at least about 75 psi (about 516.8 kPa).
 11. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, which resists dewetting when contacted with hot water as a degassing fluid.
 12. The PTFE membrane of claim 2, having less than about 100 ppb extractable matter.
 13. The PTFE membrane of claim 2, having less than about 30 ppb metal extractable matter.
 14. The PTFE membrane of claim 3, having less than about 15 ppb metal extractable matter.
 15. A process for treating a fluid comprising contacting the membrane claim 1 with the fluid for treating and recovering the treated fluid.
 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the fluid for treating is a degassing fluid.
 17. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, wherein the membrane is free of a coating.
 18. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, modified by subjecting the membrane to non-coherent broadband UV irradiation while pores of the membrane are impregnated with a liquid selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, sodium aluminate, copper sulfate, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
 19. The PTFE membrane of claim 3, modified by subjecting the membrane to non-coherent broadband UV irradiation while pores of the membrane are impregnated with a liquid selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, sodium aluminate, copper sulfate, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid.
 20. The PTFE membrane of claim 3, having a CWST of at least about 30 dynes/cm (0.30 erg/mm²) through the thickness and bulk of the membrane.
 21. The PTFE membrane of claim 1, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 22. The PTFE membrane of claim 3, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 23. The PTFE membrane of claim 20, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 24. The PTFE membrane of claim 5, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 25. The PTFE membrane of claim 6, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 26. The PTFE membrane of claim 7, having a zeta potential in the range of from about −3 mV to about −11 mV at a pH in the range of from about 4 to about
 9. 